Across
- A process in which an organism transfers genetic material to another organism that is not its offspring. (3 words)
- ______________ enable many bacteria to resist antibiotics by transporting them out of the bacterial cell. (2 words)
- A form of genetic recombination in which a DNA fragment from a dead, degraded bacterium enters a competent recipient bacterium and is exchanged for a piece of DNA of the recipient.
- Signaling molecules that bind to signaling receptors either on the bacterial surface or in the cytoplasm. When these signaling molecules reach a critical, threshold level, they activate bacterial quorum sensing genes that enable the bacteria to behave as a multicellular population rather than as individual single-celled organisms
- Causes thymine-thymine dimers to form causing mutation in DNA. Effective in killing most bacteria on surfaces.
- Generally effective against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. (2 words)
- Sulfonamides (sulfamethoxazole, sulfanilamide) and diaminopyrimidines (trimethoprim) (see Common Antibiotics) block enzymes in the bacteria pathway required for the synthesis of __________________, a cofactor needed by bacteria to synthesize nucleotide bases.
- Regulatory proteins that block transcription of mRNA by binding to a portion of DNA called the operator that lies downstream of a promoter. The binding of the regulatory protein to the operator prevents RNA polymerase from passing the operator and transcribing the coding sequence for the enzymes.
- An antibiotic is a metabolic product produced by one microorganism that inhibits or kills other microorganisms.
- Acronym for broad-spectrum beta-lactamase enzyme that results in resistance to all penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems (i.e., imipenem, ertapenem, metropenem), and monobactams now found in various Gram-negative enteric bacilli (Enterobacteriaceae).
- The chemical being used should inhibit or kill the intended pathogen without seriously harming the host. (2 words)
- Acronym for Enterococcus species resistant to vancomycin.
- At a ____________ of bacteria, autoinducers diffuse away from the bacteria. Sufficient quantities of these molecules are unable to bind to the signaling receptors on the bacterial surface and the quorum sensing genes that enable the bacteria to act as a population are not activated. (2 words)
- An agent that is _______ in action will inhibit the growth of microorganisms.
- Acronym for staphylococci resistant to methicillin.
- ________________ communication enables bacteria to chemically communicate with members of other species.
- The process of destroying all living organisms and viruses. A sterile object is one free of all life forms, including bacterial endospores, as well as viruses.
- Genetic recombination in which there is a transfer of a plasmid coding only for mating pair formation but not chromosomal DNA from a donor bacterium to a recipient bacterium. (2 words)
- Bacterial secretions systems that enable the bacterium to directly inject bacterial effector molecules into the cytoplasm of the host cell in order to alter its cellular machinery or cellular communication to the benefit of the bacteria.
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Down
- A mistake during DNA replication resulting in a change in the nucleotide base sequence.
- Fluoroquinolones inhibit the action of _________________ enzymes in bacteria and block nucleic acid replication.
- Bacteria that develop antibiotic tolerance whereby the tolerant bacterium is not killed but simply stops growing when the antibiotic is present. (2 words)
- A process where the end product of a biochemical pathway is able to bind to an enzyme's active site and prevent the enzyme from binding its normal substrate. As a result, the end product is no longer synthesized. (2 words)
- ________________ communication enables bacteria to chemically communicate with members of their own species.
- A transfer of DNA from a living donor bacterium to a living recipient bacterium by cell-to-cell contact.
- The transfer of a DNA fragment from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophage.
- Employs steam under pressure for sterilization. Water normally boils at 100°C; however, when put under pressure, water boils at a higher temperature.
- At a ______________ of bacteria, large quantities of autoinducers are produced and are able to bind to the signaling receptors on the bacterial surface in sufficient quantity so as to activate the quorum sensing genes that enable the bacteria to behave as a multicellular population. (2 words)
- A plasmid that is self-transmissible. (2 words)
- Regulatory proteins that promote transcription of mRNA. They control genes that have a promotor to which RNA polymerase cannot bind. Binding of a molecule called an inducer to these proteins alters their shape in a way that now enables RNA polymerase to bind to the promotor and initiate transcription.
- The elimination of microorganisms, but not necessarily endospores, from inanimate objects or surfaces.
- Penicillins, cephalosporins, vancomycin, and bacitracin inhibit _______________ synthesis in bacteria.
- Small pieces of DNA that encode enzymes that enable the small pieces of DNA to move from one DNA location to another, either on the same molecule of DNA or on a different molecule. Often called jumping genes.
- Tetracyclines, macrolides, oxazolodinones, and streptogramins block translation by altering prokaryotic ______________.
- Enable a bacterium to form a mating pair with another organism. (2 words)
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