Across
- The vegetative, reproducing, feeding form of a protozoan.
- A group of molds that cause superficial mycoses of the hair, skin, and nails and utilize the protein keratin, that is found in hair, skin, and nails, as a nitrogen and energy source.
- The ingestion of solid particles by endocytosis.
- __________ viral infections are ones in which the infectious agents gradually increase in number over a very long period of time during which no significant symptoms are seen. Examples include AIDS (caused by HIV-1 and HIV-2) and certain lentiviruses that cause tumors in animals.
- Most ___________ viruses are released by host cell lysis.
- Bacteriophages capable of a lysogenic life cycle are termed ____________________.
- Strains of HIV that usually transmits the infection from person-to-person and infects monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and T4-memory cells. (2 words)
- _______________ viruses obtain their envelopes from host cell membranes by budding.
- A protozoan gastrointestinal infection transmitted by the fecal-oral route. Uses flagella for motility.
- Normal flora of the GI tract, this yeast most commonly causes vaginitis , thrush, balantitis, and cutaneous infections. Less commonly, this yeast can infect the lungs, blood, heart, and meninges, especially in the compromised or immunosuppressed host.
- This protozoan disease is transmitted by the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito. The protozoa reproduce asexually by schizogonyin human liver cells and red blood cells but also reproduce sexually by gametes in the mosquito.
- In _____________ infections, the viruses are continually present in the body
- An exotoxin produced by a fungus.
- Amantadine (Symmetrel), rimantidine (Flumadine), zanamivir (Relenza), and oseltamivir (Tamiflu) are used to treat ______________ viruses.
- A round yeast with a capsule, infections with this organism are usually mild or subclinical but, when symptomatic, usually begin in the lungs after inhalation of the yeast in dried bird feces.
- When the viral DNA is incorporated into the host cell's DNA.
- During this phase of HIV infection, the virus primarily infects and destroys memory T4-lymphocytes which express the chemokine receptor CCR5 and are very abundant in mucosal lymphoid tissues.
- Small, circular, single-stranded molecules of infectious RNA lacking even a protein coat. They are the cause of a few plant diseases.
- The portion of the mycelium that anchors the mold and absorbs nutrients.
- The enzyme HIV uses during maturation to split its 3 major polyproteins into functional proteins.
- The protein shell surrounding the viral genome that is usually composed of protein subunits called capsomeres. This structure serves to protect and introduce the genome into host cells.
- A viruse that infects only bacteria.
- A multinucleated, filamentous fungus composed of hyphae.
- Infectious protein particles thought to be responsible for a group of transmissible and/or inherited neurodegenerative diseases.
- These fungi exhibit two different growth forms. Outside the body they grow as a mold, producing hyphae and asexual reproductive spores, but in the body they grow in a non-mycelial form.
- This particular fungus produces hyphae and tuberculate macroconidia in soil contaminated with bird or bat droppings but grows as an an encapsulated yeast in the lungs.
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Down
- Viruses in the blood.
- This protozoan disease is contracted by inhaling or ingesting cysts from the feces of infected domestic cats, or by ingesting raw meat of an infected animal. It is usually mild in people with normal immune responses but can infect the brain, heart, or lungs of people who are immunosuppressed. It can also be transmitted congenitallyand infect the nervous system of the infected child.
- This particular fungus produces hyphae and arthrospores when it grows in arid soil but grows as endosporulating spherules (a spherule filled with yeast-like spores) in the lung.
- The process where the viral genome is released from the remainder of the virus.
- Acyclovir (Zovirax), famciclovir (Famvir), valacyclovir (Valtrex), and penciclovir (Denavir) are used to treat various ____________ viral infections
- A phospholipid bilayer derived from host cell membranes, this structure typically surrounds a polyhedral or helical nucleocapsid.
- The binding of attachment sites on the viral surface with receptor sites on the host cell cytoplasmic membrane.
- ________ bacteriophages, routinely lyse the host bacterium as a normal part of their life cycle.
- During the __________________ life cycle, bacteriophage can either replicate by means of the lytic life cycle and cause lysis of the host bacterium, or, it can incorporate their DNA into the bacterium's DNA and become a noninfectious prophage. During the _______________ life cycle, bacteriophage can either replicate by means of the lytic life cycle and cause lysis of the host bacterium, or, it can incorporate its DNA into the bacterium's DNA and become a noninfectious prophage. can either replicate by means of the lytic life cycle and cause lysis of the host bacterium, or, it can incorporate its DNA into the bacterium's DNA and become a noninfectious prophage.
- The metric unit of length used to measure viruses.
- Synthesized by the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex, these are membrane-enclosed spheres that contain powerful digestive enzymes. They function to digest materials that enter by endocytosis.
- In a___________ viral infection the virus remains in equilibrium with the host for long periods of time before symptoms again appear, but the actual viruses cannot be detected until reactivation of the disease occurs. Examples include infections caused by HSV-1 (fever blisters), HSV-2 (genital herpes), and VZV (chickenpox-shingles).
- The process where the viral capsid is assembled around the viral genome.
- The enzyme that enables the double-stranded viral DNA intermediate of HIV to enter the host cell's nucleus and insert into one of the host cell's chromosomes to become a provirus.
- Multiple fission. Where a protozoan multiplies many times within an infected host cell.
- Most antifungal drugs work by either binding to or inhibiting the synthesis of this molecule in its cytoplasmic membrane.
- The portion of the mycelium that produces asexual reproductive spores.
- Unicellular fungus that usually appears as an oval cells 1-5 µm wide by 5-30 µm long and reproduces asexually by budding.
- During this phase of HIV infection, the lymph nodes and the spleen become sites for continuous viral replication and host cell destruction. During most of this phase, the immune system remains active and competent and there are few clinical symptoms. A steady state-infection generally persists where T4-lymphocyte death and T4-lymphocyte replacement by the body are in equilibrium.
- A type of endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached that is involved in protein synthesis, production of new membrane, modification of newly formed proteins, and transport of these proteins and membrane to other locations within the cell.
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