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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: Answers_phagocytosis, Destruction of the Microbe or Cell oxygen-independant killing system lysosomes containing beta-defensins, lysozyme,lactoferrin, cathepsin G, elastase, bactericidal permeability increasing protein, other digestive enzymes, Chemotaxis of Phagocytes virulence some microbes can block chemotaxis, Activation of Phagocytes virulence some microbes can kill phagocytes, phagocytes empty the contents of their lysosomes in order to kill the microorganisms or cell extracellularly reason large numbers of microorganisms are present, high levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are produced, or phagocytes are binding to cells to large to be engulfed, Activation of Phagocytes step 2 Chemotaxis of Phagocytes, Attachment of Phagocytes to the Microbe or Cell unenhanced attachment PAMPs bind to endocytic pattern-recognition receptors, Ingestion of the Microbe or Cell by the Phagocyte and acidification of the phagosome process polymerization and depolymerization of actin filaments send pseudopods out to engulf the microbe and place it in an endocytic vesicle called a phagosome, inflammatory mediators such as bacterial products, complement proteins, inflammatory cytokines, and prostaglandins results produce surface endocytic PRRs to bind PAMPs for unenhanced attachment, Chemotaxis of Phagocytes step 3 Attachment of Phagocytes to the Microbe or Cell, Destruction of the Microbe or Cell extracellular killing phagocytes empty the contents of their lysosomes in order to kill the microorganisms or cell extracellularly, Chemotaxis of Phagocytes function movement of phagocytes toward an increasing concentration of some attractant, Ingestion of the Microbe or Cell by the Phagocyte and acidification of the phagosome step 5 Destruction of the Microbe or Cell, reactive oxygen species (ROS) oxidize most of the chemical groups found in proteins, enzymes, carbohydrates, DNA, and lipids. examples of ROS superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, hypochlorous acid, peroxynitrite radicals, Destruction of the Microbe or Cell intracellular killing lysosomes fuse with the phagosomes containing the ingested microbes and the microbes are destroyed, Activation of Phagocytes activated by inflammatory mediators such as bacterial products, complement proteins, inflammatory cytokines, and prostaglandins, inflammatory mediators such as bacterial products, complement proteins, inflammatory cytokines, and prostaglandins results increased metabolic and microbicidal activity of the phagocyte, opsonins bind microbe or cell to opsonin receptors examples of opsonins IgG, IgE, C3b, C4b, mannose-binding lectin (MBL), C-reactive protein (CRP), Attachment of Phagocytes to the Microbe or Cell step 4 Ingestion of the Microbe or Cell by the Phagocyte and acidification of the phagosome, inflammatory mediators such as bacterial products, complement proteins, inflammatory cytokines, and prostaglandins results phagocytes produce surface receptors that increase their ability to adhere to capillary walls and squeeze out of the capillary, Chemotaxis of Phagocytes examples of chemoattractants PAMPs, DAMPs, C5a, chemokines, kinins, blood clotting products
