Animations by Gary E. Kaiser, Ph.D.
Professor of Microbiology, The Community College of Baltimore County, Catonsville Campus
These works are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at https://cwoer.ccbcmd.edu/science/microbiology/index_gos.html.

html5 animation showing a motile bacterium contacting a host cell by swimming through the mucus.

html5 Animation Illustrating Quorum Sensing: Low Density and High Density of Bacterial Cells

html5 animation showing spirochetes using motility to enter and exit blood vessels.

html5 animation showing induction of stomach or intestinal ulcers by Helicobacter pylori.

html5 animation showing a bacterium using both pili and adhesins to adhere to a host cell.

html5 animation showing bacteria lacking pili being flushed out of the urethra.

html5 animation showing how bacteria with pili may resist being flushed out of the urethra.

html5 animation showing a bacterium using adhesins to adhere to a host cell.

html5 animation showing bacteria lacking cell wall adhesins being flushed from the body.

html5 animation showing how bacteria with cell wall adhesins may resist being flushed out of the body.

html5 animation showing a bacterium dragging itself along a surface using type IV pili.

html5 animation showing a bacterium slingshotting itself along a surface using type IV pili.

html5 animation showing bacteria using invasions to enter a host cell.

Gif animation of Shigella invading an intestinal mucosal epithelial cell.

html5 animation illustrating the function of endocytic pattern-recognition receptors in unenhanced attachment of phagocytes.

html5 animation illustrating the function of enhanced attachment (opsonization) by way of IgG.

html5 animation showing ingestion and phagosome formation.

html5 animation showing acidification of the phagosome following ingestion.

html5 animation showing intracellular destruction.

html5 animation summarizing phagocytosis through unenhanced attachment.

html5 animation summarizing phagocytosis through enhanced attachment.

html5 animation of a capillary prior to vasodilation.

html5 animation showing vasodilation.

html5 animation illustrating how capsules can block unenhanced attachment of pathogen-associated molecular patterns to endocytic pattern-recognition receptors on phagocytes.

html5 animation showing phagocytosis of an encapsulated bacterium through opsonization.

html5 animation showing an encapsulated bacterium resisting phagocytosis by blocking C3b.

GIF animation showing bacteria depolymerizing actin in order to resist phagocytosis.

html5 animation showing a bacterium resisting phagocytosis by escaping from a phagosome.

html5 animation showing a bacterium resisting phagocytosis by blocking the fusion of a lysosome with a phagosome.

html5 animation showing a bacterium resisting phagocytosis by blocking the lysosome from moving to the phagosome.

html5 animation showing a bacterium resisting phagocytosis by blocking acidification of the phagosome.

html5 animation showing a bacterium resisting phagocytosis by lysing a phagocyte.

html5 animation showing toll-like receptors responding to lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from the Gram-positive cell wall and signaling the synthesis inflammatory cytokines.

html5 animation showing toll-like receptors responding to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the Gram-negative cell wall and signaling the synthesis inflammatory cytokines.

html5 animation showing binding of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and chemokines to neutrophils triggering extracellular killing.

html5 animation showing binding of teichoic acids (TA) and chemokines to neutrophils triggering extracellular killing.

GIF animation of an A-B toxin binding to and penetrating a susceptible host cell.

html5 animation showing neutralization of an exotoxin by antibodies.

GIF animation showing acetylcholine-induced contraction of a muscle.

GIF animation showing botulism exotoxin blocking acetylcholine release.

GIF animation showing inhibition of muscle contraction by an inhibitory interneuron.

GIF animation showing tetanus exotoxin blocking inhibitor release from an inhibitory interneuron.

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Updated: July, 2021